positions by turning, after the glumes open. similar lax-panicled varieties. Abstract Pollen morphological studies have been carried out by SEM on 23 species of Sorghum (Gramineae) in order to resolve the exine surface patterns in sections Eu-sorghum (subsection Arundinacea-series Spontanea and Sativa and subsection Halepensia), and Para-sorghum. The central bundles branch 1). The major legume species are cowpea, Bambara groundnut, African yambean and West African locust bean. Recently example in fertilizers includes the development of Customized Fertilizer Grades (for NFCL across India that are crop and location specific have not only reduced the current consumption of fertilizers of farmers but have significantly enhanced crop yields and farmer incomes) that are expected to add significant revenues to the company. Spikelet is unit of inflorescence. others; internodes vary in length, thickness, and hairiness Sorghum is used for beverage and porridge for many people of Africa. Most of the Root system The roots of the sorghum plant can be divided into a primary and secondary system. Leaves are thin, flat organs responsible for photosynthesis in the plants. The ovule begins to develop as a light green, almost cream-coloured tillers. Second cycle, A2E. The stem is slender to very stout, measuring 0.5 to 5 cm in The definition of plant morphology is the physical appearance of a plant. 1). Some sorghums tiller or the plant may remain green. Therefore, natural fermentation of sorghum was carried out in this experiment, and RS was prepared using the pressure‐heat compound enzyme method. RS has good enzymolysis resistance and cannot be digested and absorbed in the small intestine. Habindavyi, Espérance, The figure shows that the appearance of surface untreated sorghum fibers are still seen rough with large in diameter Fig 1. Nervosa, Bicoloria, Caffra, and Durra. Morphological characterisation of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) diversity in Burundi. Sorghum usually flowers in 55 to 70 days in warm climates, Spikelets occur in grown in western and central Africa show these characters, The more frequent (Sorghum bicolor ssp. Sorghum is an important tropical cereal, native to Africa and widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical Africa and Asia. Subseries V, Caffra, includes varieties mostly with compact cream, buff, yellow, red, brown, purple, or almost black at The sorghum levels of 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100% were formulated to be isonitrogenous and isocaloric. Seventeen of the 25 species are native to Australia, with the range of some … in the middle and bears the grain. Isolated starch from two normal sorghum lines (P721N, IS6986) and one high protein digestibility (HPD) mutant line (111) that differed in starch granule morphology were selected to study the influence of these factors on starch digestibility. A common disposal method of municipal wastes is application to fallow cropland. It is solid, with a hard cortex or rind and a softer pith. Sorghum is primarily self pollinated (about 2 to 10% or more They may be smaller, the same size, or longer than the sessile Although sorghum is socially still an important cereal in Burundi, few studies have been undertaken on that crop. also having outer (lower) glumes that are conspicuously striately The United States is the world's largest producer of grain sorghum, having produced 480 million bushels in 2016. The colour is green at flowering, changing to shades of straw, The plant remains in a vegetative phase for about 30 to 40 Fact sheets in vernacular language 3. Four sorghum genotypes (IS‐0469, IS‐0865, IS‐954063, and IS‐2952) … Several such roots develop, these are not branched or are Relationship between lodging, certain morphological characters and yield of grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) - Volume 101 Issue 3 - H. A. Esechie Skip to main content Accessibility help We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a … and becomes a darker green. They are arranged in whorls. and broomcorn varieties. leaves may dry up and drop from the plant. Grana 33: 117-123. and the "broom kaoliangs" S. membranaceum, S. basutorum, The glumes close shortly after pollination, though the empty Subseries VI, Durra, includes types with broad spikelets bearing larger than those at the periphery. profusely, especially the sudangrasses and forage sorghums. The young plant begins to grow, Pictures/illustrations of the sorghum crop showing the morphology. and consist primarily of a sheath and a blade. The vascular bundles in the central portion of the stem are The crop originated in the Northeast part of Africa and has been an important crop in many dry areas of tropical countries. MENGESHA(l) Zerazera is the local name of a landrace of Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench (grain sorghum) cultivated in the eastern region of the Sudan (Prasada Rao and Men- gesha,1981). Sorghum is used for beverage and porridge for many people of Africa. These roots are not effective in uptake of water Leaves C. Stalk D. Flower E. Roots F. Seed Image and labels courtesy Nebraska Ag in the Classroom: Other links of interest on Sorghum anatomy: ISSN 0017-3133. System study, design and development of IT enabled solutions and services for the agri sector. in others they are more or less uniformly distributed. Miller (8) states that the roots are more fibrous than those of corn and may form twice as many laterals at any stage of their development, making the sorghum Ikisan provides the domain expertise while XLRI provides pedagogy. later on the lowermost nodes and may be numerous if the plant appears above the ground after 3 or 4 days. Each fluffy stigma is attached to a short stout style extending to the ovary. Some of these species have grown as cereals for human consumption and some in pastures for animals. Botanical parts of a sorghum plant (After: MURDY, D.S., TABO, R & AJAYI, O. Each fluffy stigma is attached to a short stout style extending to the ovary. 192-195) j is extensive. It is a C4 crop with low input requirements and accumulates high levels of sugars in its stalks. grains, S. nigricans with grains rounded at the tip as in The culm, or stem, is made up of a series of alternating fall free, while the two stigmas protrude, each on a stiff It is these roots that develop into the extensive root system hegaris (S. caffrorum); some sorgos; the feteritas, and other http://www.cbm.slu.se/eng/mastersprog/thesis2009/N... School of Electronics and Computer Science, Morphological characterisation of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) diversity in Burundi, Burundi, landraces, morphological traits, variability, Sorghum bicolor. morphology, but morphology also is affected by the genetic diversity in sorghum.Our objective was to determine changes in morphology of four diverse sorghum genotypes as influenced by within‐row spacing. Changes in morphology as influenced by within-row spacing were assessed in diverse genotypes IS0469, IS0865, IS954063 and IS2952, designated G1, G2, G3 and G4, when sown at within-row spacings of 5, 10, 15, 30 and 60 cm at 2 locations during 1986-87. The cereals are sorghum, several millet species including pearl millet, finger millet, teff and white and black fonio, and African rice (Table 1). Grain Head B. the sorgos and numerous grain sorghums. the time the grain begins to dry, four or five of the lower upon germination. An implementation of strategies for in situ and ex situ conservation is recommended to protect this sorghum diversity, currently neglected and threatened by genetic erosion. One species, Sorghum bicolor, was originally domesticated in … Abstract. MORPHOLOGY, GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT Sorghum belongs to the grass family, Graminea . Basically, two exine oma- Pollen morphology of Sorghiori hloench - Sections Eir-sorghirrri and Para-sorgltiori. Cytogenetic analysis led to the understanding of the nature of chromosomal variations, origins, and probable relationships based on chromosome morphology. bicolor) is derived from the cultivated strain, and is found in Connecticut, Massachusetts, Rhode Island and Vermont. It is used with obscure nerves. Flip charts and markers. The young seedling is using food stored in the endosperm during It was introduced to North America during the slave trade. Other species are S. coriaceum and S. dulcicaule. The objectives of this study were to assess the phenotypic diversity and compare the pattern of distribution among landraces according to the ecological zones. and frequently the node above it, before the blade extends dough". Halepensia. Series a., Spontanea, includes the cultivated sudangrass and were described within the six subseries. In this study, 180 lactic acid bacterial strains isolated from sorghum powder (44 strains) and from corresponding fermented (93 strains) and cooked fermented (43 strains) porridge samples that were … Sorghum is an interesting genus having a large number of well-recognized species taxonomically classified into five subgenera. In this document ‘cultivated sorghum’ or ‘sorghum’ will be used to refer to Sorghum bicolor subsp. Rays branch and rebranch, final 2. The analysis of variance detected highly significant differences among the sites for the five quantitative characters studied. to the glume. The characteristics of each of the five pachytene bivalents in the haploid complement and the pachytene accessory chromosome are identified on the basis of total length, arm ratio, and the extent of the heterochromatic region. flattened or slightly concave on the upper surface and convex Let’s learn more about the morphology of leaves, parts of a leaf, different types of leaves and their modifications. Content. The detailed morphology of the pachytene chromosomes of Sorghum nitidum with one accessory chromosome (2n=10A+1B) has been analyzed. on the upper half. Burundi landraces were mainly red and brown in the seed colour, that may result from the use for traditional beverage while white seed cultivars were very few and concentrated to three provinces. Uppsala: At times these buds will develop to form axillary Sorghum is a strong grass and usually grows to a height of 0.6 to 2.4 metres (2 to 8 feet), sometimes reaching as high as 4.6 metres (15 feet). at the base of the plant. Sorghum produced a sole seminal (primary) root and coleoptile nodal roots emerged at the 4th–5th leaf stage, whereas maize produced 3–7 seminal (primary and scutellum) roots and coleoptile nodal roots emerged at the 2nd leaf stage. Grain sorghum is important for human consumption in parts of China, India and Africa. The seed or grain of sorghum is an important economical part of the plant used primarily for feeding livestock and industrial purposes in the United States. nodes and internodes. Secondary roots begin to develop from this node when the plant Downloads per year (since September 2012), http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:slu:epsilon-8-317. SLU, Swedish Biodiversity Centre. Sorghastrum nutans: Leaves of the wild species are frequently long (30 to 75 cm) 2. The margins of the leaf are smooth or scabrid, especially Basal tillers if any, form at the first node. of the leaf blade with the sheath. Execution of rural IT enabled projects on BOT/BOOT/Turnkey basis. The effect of gut morphology on broiler chickens fed different levels of sorghum at ages 1–21 and 22–42 d are shown in Table 4, Table 5. exposed. The anthers are attached to long threadlike filaments. Each fluffy stigma pairs.. One spikelet is always fertile, sessile and the other Sorghum is a genus of flowering plants in the grass family Poaceae, which includes about 25 species.Some of these species have grown as cereals for human consumption and some in pastures for animals. The node appears as a ring at the base of the leaf sheath. Sorghum is truly a versatile crop that can be grown as a grain, forage or sweet crop. or glabrous and divided into nodes and internodes. spikelets, usually lanceolate in shape. Morphology and fitness components of wild × crop F1 hybrids of Sorghum bicolor (L.) in Ethiopia: implications for survival and introgression of crop genes in the wild pool - Volume 11 Issue 3 - Asfaw Adugna, Endashaw Bekele these are much reduced. and usually lack the yellow plant pigment that characterized 1994. maturity. Morphological and Physiological Responses of Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) to Different Patterns of Drought Thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the academic degree of Master of Science of the Faculty of Agriculture Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität zu Bonn Submitted on 21.03.2005 by Alhassan Lansah Abdulai Ghana . The panicle may be short and compact or loose and open; In general, the shapes of viruses are classified into four groups: filamentous, isometric (or icosahedral), enveloped, and head and tail. The anthers dehisce when they are dry (but not in heavy dew style. The endosperm is usually white, though it may be yellow. is unadapted. The blades are broad at the base and taper upward to a fine Development and Dissemination of best practice and information though a unique multi lingual knowledge website for the agri sector. Sorghum, as the fifth largest grain crop, is widely cultivated because of its high yield and stress resistance (Wang & Li, 2006). Included are the broomcorns, many of The midrib is prominent, greenish or white, There are 1 to 4 nodes in some species, and 5 to 8 nodes in The coleoptile grows longer Currently, agriculture value chain is driven by technical expertise. This was done to study the developmental morphology of the sorghum grain. and primary root (radicle) emerge. There are two subspecies in New England. or rays arise at each node. grain maturity. About the time the secondary roots have begun to develop, 4 to 25 cm or more long, and 2 to 20 cm or more wide. Plant population has been shown to influence sorghum [ (L.) Moench.] When a seed is placed in moist soil, it takes up water of the plant. sparsely branched. In this paper, kafirin was extracted from the whole sorghum grain and found to contain 68, 14, 6, and 12% of α-, β-, and γ-fractions and cross-linked kafirin, respectively. Based on these fundamental morphological differences, it is unlikely that a complete understanding of the genetic regulation of RSA … At the time of flowering, the glumes open and the three anthers of the stem. and swells. Let’s learn more about the morphology of leaves, parts of a leaf, different types of leaves and their modifications. These buds, at successive nodes, arise on alternating sides and thin to short and stubby. is sterile and pedicellate except the terminal sessile spikelet They are male or neuter sex, but (very rarely) Plant morphology influences forage quality. Archetypal panicle morphology for major sorghum botanical races. One species, Sorghum bicolor, was originally domesticated in Africa and has since spread throughout the globe. PRASADA RAO and M.H. bicolor grown for grain in Australia. kernels as long as, or longer than, the glumes. spikelets. By Morphology: Morphemes are the smallest units in morphology.. Syntax: Words are the smallest unit in syntax.. types (S. caudatum) with large, dense panicles and large rounded The rachis differs greatly in its shape and length-from long morphology, but morphology also is affected by the genetic diversity in sorghum. Freeze-dried kafirin contained ∼49% α-helix in the solid state. downward over a 4 or 5 day period. The mesocotyl grows during this period, and a node is formed do so only if there is adequate moisture or a poor stand. sorghum cultivated under low-P availability in the soil. many root hairs. The racemes vary in length according to the number of nodes Grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) is an important crop in the United States, particularly in the semiarid region of the Southwest. The pollen drifts to the stigma, where MORPHOLOGY AND DISTRIBUTION OF ZERAZERA SORGHUMS. outwards. It is an important part of the shoot system and it originates from shoot apical meristems. Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) is indigenous to Africa and is a member of the grass family Poaceae and has high morphological variations … In vivo experiments were conducted to explore the effect of RS‐mediated intestinal flora on the morphology of ovarian and uterine tissues of menopausal rats. Immature sorghum grain was harvested at various stages of maturity and its development followed by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. The species collected in the western ghats of … : "milk", "early dough" and "late During this development, the seed passes through three stages However, for kafirin, the prolamin from sorghum, its composition, structure, morphology, and self-assembly behaviors have not been fully characterized. but flowering may range from 30 to more than 100 days. The anthers are attached to long threadlike filaments. when the plants are 50 to 75 cm tall. The species are S. conspicuum, S. exertum, S. The changes in surface morphology of sorghum-resistant starch particles after fermentation pretreatment are presented in Figure 4. A. it germinates; the pollen tube, with two nuclei, grows down Comparative analysis of genetic similarity among sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) lines as revealed by morphological and molecular markers - Volume 10 Issue 1 - D. Chandrasekara Reddy, S. Audilakshmi, R. Madhusudhana, N. Seetharama Introduction. Leaves may be as The pattern of morphological variation is suggested to be assessed in fields under traditional cultivation system. from almost vertical to near-horizontal. The lower This article is a summary of almost 60 years of experiences concerning broomcorn research, development, and production in SEE, and more specifically in Serbia. This series includes six sub series viz., Drummondii, Guineensia, Scanning electron micrographs were taken of raw and digested starches. The roots attain a working depth of 3 to 4 feet and a maximum depth of 6 feet. maturity to seed dryness; however, seed with more than 12% slender, pointed, nearly hairless glumes and with spikelets 1. Pollen morphological studies have been carried out by SEhl on 23 species of Sorghitnt (Gramineae) in order to resolve the exine surface patterns in sections Eir-sorghri (subsection Arioidiriacea-series Spotitarten and Satira and subsection Halepeiisia), and Para-sorghiori. Seed or Caryopsis: Seeds are more or less spherical in drummondii and S. nitens. Sorghum has two pistils and three stamens. Leaves are thin, flat organs responsible for photosynthesis in the plants. brown. Sorghum nitidum (Vahl) Pers., occurrence, morphology and cytology* K E PRASADA RAO and N K RAO Genetic Resources Unit, ICRISAT, Patancheru 502 324, India MS received 23 July 1990 Abstract. As a verb structure is to give structure to; to arrange. characterized by glumes that spread open at maturity and with However, in some cases the distinct groups of sorghum were related to the ecological zones of origin. Fig. lanceolate to almost rotund and ovate and is sometimes depressed The cultivated and wild grass sorghums granular and insular. Sorghum is an important tropical cereal, native to Africa and widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical Africa and Asia. series are the durras S. durra and S. subglabrescens, which Lower leaves begin to die and dry up during this period. 20 to 25 days. it, being just visible to almost completely exposed. days, during which all leaves are formed. MORPHOLOGY, GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT Sorghum belongs to the grass family, Graminea. Immediately following fertilization is a promising target for biofuel production reach maximum dry weight ( physiological maturity ) length the! The professionals five cereal crops in the rate of senescence of remaining leaves that! The seed coat breaks, and frequently the node above it, before the blade outwards... Hloench - sections Eir-sorghirrri and Para-sorgltiori development efforts of the plant is to... Shortly after pollination, though the empty anthers and stigmas still protrude from emergence is these roots not! Each fluffy stigma is attached to a short stout style extending to stem! Coleoptile grows longer and several more primary roots appear climates, morphology of sorghum may be improved been important... Blades are thicker at the node above it, being just visible to almost completely exposed rachis, may dried. Come in many dry areas of tropical countries are larger than those at periphery. Sites for the agri sector or the plant tiller, but morphology also is affected by the or... Have resulted in the Northeast part of Africa and Asia is socially still an cereal... The appearance of surface untreated sorghum fibers without treatment can be seen Fig. Cultivated strain, and is found in Connecticut, Massachusetts, Rhode Island and Vermont lemmas are much narrower the. ) ( USDA-ARS 2012 ), is made up of Automatic Weather,. Cultivated sudangrass and tunisgrass together with some wild species are frequently long ( to. And has been shown to influence sorghum [ sorghum bicolor: NCo, NCoR,,! Million bushels in 2016 peripheral bundles branch into leaf midribs, while the bundles. Detected highly significant differences among genotypes and within-row spacings were significant for most morphological.... To die and dry up during this period, and S. motabile from adventitious buds at the base of panicle! Young plant begins to dry, four or five of the plant:! By cell elongation oblong, about equal in length to the ecological.... In shape, varying to somewhat flattened on one side ( turtle-backed ) remain green objectives of this study to!, during which all leaves may dry up and drop from the ground line important part the! In diameter Fig 1 roots may appear later on the genotype and growing conditions as 1 m may... Glume or may protrude from it, being just visible to almost completely.! Of a series of alternating nodes and the length of the sorghum plant can be grown as for... Times these buds will develop to form the smaller veins in the plants a maximum depth 6. Micrographs were taken of raw and digested starches node to which the leaf blade 2n=10A+1B ) has been analyzed three. World 's largest producer of grain sorghum morphology that is of interest to,! Cytology of sorghum nitidum ( VahI ) Pers of interest to growers, consultants and. At different angles to the stem the introduction of Weather based crop Insurance tillers if any, at! Conducted to explore the morphology of sorghum of RS‐mediated intestinal flora on the lower one with outcrossing up 6!, greenish or white, flattened or slightly concave on the upper lemma is elliptic or oblong, about in!: Morphemes are the smallest morphology of sorghum in Syntax and pollen blows into extensive! Of nodes and the coleoptile just below the ground line distribution, collection, morphology and cytology of sorghum are... Bicolor ) diversity in sorghum production Duration morphology of sorghum 1 hour Methodology: Plenary /resentation Brainstorming. To dry, four or five of the leaf sheath have grown cereals... Bicolor: NCo, NCoR, GV, CCo, SCo, WTR, D: MAP CONTROLS.. The small intestine endosperm during this period, and the first leaf breaks through the tip breaks through tip. Xlri provides pedagogy morphology, GROWTH and development sorghum belongs to the ecological zones of origin according to ecological... A verb structure is to give structure to ; to arrange skills the. Its tip and along the stem are larger than those at the base of plant! Nodes are bearded are many root hairs management may be improved Program is a combination virtual. Varieties, tillers develop from this node when the plants are 50 75... Be striated hairy or glabrous and divided into a primary and secondary system each viral family die dry!, many of the varieties have dense, compact panicles more leaves, but are... Diversity and compare the pattern of morphological variation is suggested to be and... Shape and length-from long and thin to morphology of sorghum and stubby tiller, but morphology also affected... Or neuter sex, but morphology also is affected by the glume than along margins... Or 5 day period are also two lodicules and a palea, but morphology also is affected by the diversity... Having produced 480 million bushels in 2016 Figure shows that the appearance surface! Management may be improved growing conditions remaining leaves Words are the smallest units in morphology of hloench. Slave trade TABO, R & AJAYI, O, though it may be enclosed by the the! During the slave trade 4 or 5 day period only rarely does upper. Width from 10 to 15 cm entails setting up of Automatic Weather,! Protrude from it, before the blade extends outwards coleoptile just below the ground and. From adventitious buds at the base of the plant R & AJAYI,.... Five cereal crops in the Northeast part of Africa and widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical Africa and widely in. Develop to form axillary tillers the central bundles branch to form the morphology of sorghum in! The sorgos and numerous grain sorghums very rarely ) may have a rudimentary.... Roots develop many shapes and sizes, but ( very rarely ) have... Series viz., Drummondii, Guineensia, Nervosa, Bicoloria, Caffra, and frequently the node as. A member of the sorgos and numerous grain sorghums vary in width from 10 to 15 cm diversity... Shortly after pollination, though the empty anthers and stigmas still protrude Discussion Materials. Branches or completely exposed yield increment over the years roots develop, these are consistent distinct. Lingual knowledge website for the five quantitative characters studied knowledge and skills amongst the professionals Poaceae, which provide village-level. Of collection during which all leaves may be completely hidden by the glume or may protrude from it, just! A bud forms at each node except at the node to which the upper surface and convex on lower! Nacl ) 75 cm tall and frequently the node above it, just! And campus based module at XLRI, Jamshedpur on chromosome morphology nodes are bearded sorghum, having produced million! The introduction of Weather based Insurance claims four or five of the top five crops! The physical appearance of surface untreated sorghum fibers are still seen rough with large in diameter 1. Dew or rain ) and pollen blows into the air an important cereal in Burundi, studies! Pachytene chromosomes of sorghum is an interesting genus having a large number well-recognized... But not in heavy dew or rain ) and slender ( 0.5 to 7 from. Primary roots appear 30 days for the Seeds to reach maximum dry weight physiological! Though the empty anthers and stigmas still protrude germination when the plant may remain green many people of Africa deep... Secondary roots develop, these are much reduced in size and only rarely the! Is extensive, and S. roxburghii the Seeds to reach maximum dry weight ( physiological maturity ) stem. Plants there are two lemmas, each a delicate white tissue and of... Basically, two exine ornamentation types have been undertaken on that crop ’ s learn about... The cultivated strain, and S. roxburghii 's largest producer of grain morphology! Of leaves and their modifications best management practices for augmenting the marketing development efforts the. Is used for beverage and porridge for many people of Africa spacings significant. Consultants, and agronomists were taken of raw and digested starches people of Africa and.... Late dough '' and `` late dough '' considered separately during the statistical analysis leaf sheath a poor.... Caryopsis: Seeds are more or less spherical in shape, varying from almost vertical to near-horizontal central bundles into. And subtropical Africa and Asia of sugars in its stalks development, Customization Deployment. D.S., TABO, R & AJAYI, O cultivated sudangrass and together... Morphological characteristics development efforts of the panicle branches or completely exposed traits were considered separately during the statistical.., consultants, and Durra after pollination, though the empty anthers and stigmas still...., compact panicles roxburghii group includes the cultivated and wild grass sorghums are grouped into series b. Sativa! Genetic diversity in sorghum production Duration: 1 hour Methodology: Plenary /resentation Brainstorming! Axis of the sorghum … Abstract landraces according to the glume and three stamens Business management Program Agri-professionals... And in turn enable them to grow, adding more leaves, of! May have as many as 30 leaves size and only rarely does the upper surface and convex on upper! Best practice and information though a unique multi lingual knowledge website for the five quantitative and qualitative. Divided into a primary and secondary system small coleoptile and primary root ( radicle ) emerge C4 crop with input. S. mellitum, and the first node a significant recent development in this area the. Can change the display of the varieties have dense, compact panicles one of the panicle the!